Oct 08, 2008 -
In This Report
- Highlights
- Introduction
- Risk Factors
- Prevention and Lifestyle Fa...
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Prognosis
- Treatment
- Surgery
- Radiation
- Medications
- Chemotherapy
- Hormone Therapy
- Resources
- References
HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M
Highlights
Drug Approvals
- In September 2007, Evista (raloxifene) was approved for prevention of breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, and postmenopausal women at high risk for invasive breast cancer. Raloxifene and tamoxifen are the only two drugs approved for breast cancer prevention in high-risk women.
- In March 2007, lapatinib (Tykerb) was approved in combination with capecitabine (Xeloda) for treatment of advanced HER2-positive breast cancer.
- In November 2006, trastuzumab (Herceptin) was approved for treatment of early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer. Trastuzumab is also approved for advanced HER2-positive breast cancer.
Screening
- The American College of Physicians’ 2007 guidelines recommend that women with a low risk for breast cancer talk to their doctor before starting to have mammogram screening at age 40.
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Nov 11, 2009 -
Gwyneth Paltrow's dishing out some healthy advice on GOOP this week — get your daily dose of vitamin D. The super-fit star points to Dr. Frank Lipman's healthy tips for getting our fair share of the vital D, who reminds us that, especially this time of year —when we head into the colder season and see less sunlight — it's even more important to supplement our diets with the vitamin, and avoid a vitamin D deficiency.
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Sep 03, 2008 -
Overview
- Definition
- Alternative Names
- Causes, incidence, and risk factors
- Symptoms
- Signs and tests
- Treatment
- Support Groups
- Expectations (prognosis)
- Complications
- Calling your health care provider
- Prevention
- References
Illustrations
Female Breast
Needle biopsy of the breast
Open biopsy of the breast
Breast self-exam
Breast self-exam
Breast self-exam
Mammary gland
Sentinel node biopsy
Mastectomy - series
Breast lump removal - series
HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M
Definition
Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast.
There are two main types of breast cancer:
- Ductal carcinoma starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple. Most breast cancers are of this type.
- Lobular carcinoma starts in parts of the breast, called lobules, that produce milk.
In rare cases, breast cancer can start in other areas of the breast.
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Oct 08, 2008 -
In This Report
- Highlights
- Introduction
- Carotenoids
- Phytochemicals
- Healthy Foods
- Dietary Health Benefits
- Resources
- References
HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M
Highlights
Cancer
Growing evidence suggests that vitamins and micronutrients, especially from foods, may play important roles in the prevention or treatment of certain cancers:
- One study found that the risk of prostate cancer risk dropped as consumption of vegetables high in vitamin C, such as broccoli and bell peppers, rose.
- A diet high in cruciferous vegetables has been found to reduce the risk of kidney cancer; low consumption of cruciferous vegetables increases the risk.
On the other hand, high amounts of folic acid (a B vitamin) may be associated with colorectal cancer, and beta-carotene supplements are associated with increased lung cancer risk in smokers and people exposed to asbestos.
Macular Degeneration
In 2007, the National Eye Institute recommended that people with intermediate or advanced macular degeneration in one eye take a vitamin formula shown to reduce the risk of macular degeneration in the other eye by 25%. The formula contains vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and zinc.
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Oct 08, 2008 -
HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M
Breast milk - The Basics
Breast milk is the perfect source of nutrition for infants. Breast milk contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. It also provides digestive enzymes, minerals, vitamins, and hormones that all infants require.
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Oct 08, 2008 -
In This Report
- Highlights
- Introduction
- Complications
- Symptoms
- Lifestyle Changes
- Medications
- Resources
- References
HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M
Highlights
Black Cohosh Doesn’t Help Hot Flashes
- The herbal remedy black cohosh is no better than placebo for treating hot flashes and night sweats, according to a 2006 study in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
- Most complementary and alternative medicines are ineffective for relieving menopausal symptoms, according to a 2006 review in the Archives of Internal Medicine.
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
- Short-term use of HRT remains an option for recently menopausal women who have a low risk for stroke, according to a 2007 statement from the North American Menopause Society (NAMS). However, NAMS recommends that women who are at risk for heart disease or breast cancer should consider other approaches for managing hot flashes.
- For women who want to discontinue HRT, gradually tapering off the medication or stopping it abruptly appears to make little difference in the recurrence of symptoms, suggests a 2006 study. A gradual approach may delay the reappearance of symptoms, but does not prevent them from returning.
HRT and Heart Disease: Timing Counts
Women who begin HRT within 10 years of menopause have a much lower risk for heart disease and heart attack than women who start HRT later on, indicates a 2007 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
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Oct 08, 2008 -
In This Report
- Highlights
- Introduction
- Causes
- Symptoms
- Fractures
- Risk Factors
- Diagnosis
- Lifestyle Changes
- Medications
- Treatment
- Resources
- References
HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M
Highlights
Drug Approvals
- In 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved zoledronic acid (Reclast) for postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment. Zoledronic acid is given as an injection once a year. A 2007 study in the New England Journal of Medicine indicated that zoledronic acid can significantly reduce the risk of spine, hip, and other fractures.
- In 2007, the FDA approved raloxifene (Evista) for prevention of breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and postmenopausal women at high risk for breast cancer.
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Oct 08, 2008 -
In This Report
- Highlights
- Introduction
- Causes
- Risk Factors
- Complications
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Dietary Factors
- Treatment
- Resources
- References
HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M
Highlights
FDA Issues Labeling Changes for Drugs That Boost Red Blood Cells
In November 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made several changes to the prescribing labels for erythropoiesis-stimulating drugs. These drugs -- epoietin alfa (Epogen, Procrit) and darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp) -- increase the production of red blood cells.
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Sep 04, 2008 -
Overview
- Alternative Names
- Function
- Recommendations
HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M
Alternative Names
Milk - human; Human milk; Milk - breast
Function
Breast milk is the perfect source of nutrition for infants. Breast milk contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. It also provides the digestive proteins, minerals, vitamins, and hormones that infants need.
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Sep 04, 2008 -
Overview
- Function
- Recommendations
- References
Illustrations
Breast feeding
HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M
Function
Proper nipple care, positioning, appropriate nursing frequency, and other measures can prevent many common breast-feeding problems.
Recommendations
Most women's breasts have nipples that protrude slightly at rest and become erect when stimulated, as with cold. During pregnancy, the nipple and the pigmented area around it (areola) thicken in preparation for breast-feeding.
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